In an article from a few weeks ago, we touched upon the growing use of bioplastic or biodegradable materials, which may be a (possible) definitive solution to irreversible plastic materials.
After analyzing the types and properties of plastic polymers often used in industrial sectors, we will delve deeper into the topic by considering some characteristics of sustainable materials.
Plastic is intended for various applications, and its widespread use makes it almost indispensable.
However, this material involves significant efforts in terms of recycling processes and the preservation of environmental systems.
Bioplastics are alternative materials to synthetic plastics, derived from renewable plant-based biomass sources.
Some bioplastics are biodegradable and compostable but require proper disposal and composting processes.
These new polymeric materials are still in the experimental phase, but their production and use are zero-emission, encouraging their development.
Compared to fossil-based materials, they still have functional limitations but are currently the most environmentally friendly option on the market.
They are somewhat versatile and present challenges in certain industrial applications.
However, a large portion of them are not fully biodegradable and, in some cases, could contribute to the release of microplastics.
The term "bioplastic" should not mislead perceptions of these materials, as they are not all of organic origin.
A bio-based material is of biological origin and is intentionally made, in whole or in part, from substances derived from living organisms (biomass).
If we follow a very strict definition, we could also identify paper, wood, or leather as bio-based materials.
Generally, however, the term refers to modern materials that have undergone more extensive processing.
Sustainable materials derived from biomass sources include bulk chemicals, platform chemicals, solvents, polymers, and biocomposites.
Bio-based materials are perceived as potentially more environmentally friendly alternatives to petroleum-based ones; however, this claim requires careful analysis.
Currently, new biologically sourced materials are in the "exploration" phase, with ongoing attempts to replace traditional materials.
To explain the characteristics of this type of material, we must first analyze the meaning of biodegradability.
Biodegradability can be defined as the decomposition action by biological organisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, or insects.
A material is considered biodegradable if it can undergo a degradation process through biological agents.
Depending on the type of environment, whether in the presence of oxygen or not, aerobic or anaerobic biodegradation processes occur.
Biodegradable plastics are made from fully renewable raw materials and are easily "broken down" by microorganisms, with a more beneficial impact on the environment.
The bioplastics market is currently evolving and is expected to grow rapidly, driven by the increasing consumer awareness of sustainable solutions.
However, before considering these new bio-polymers as the definitive turning point for plastic use, production costs should be reduced.
The process is still in the experimental stage due to the difficulty of achieving the same chemical uniformity of plastic with equally consistent characteristics.
The debate remains open, split by contrasting opinions on the actual use of certain materials; certainly, institutional commitment and involvement will not be long in coming.